2020高考英語語法專題匯總:倒裝
來源:高考網(wǎng)整理 2020-02-13 20:18:14
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謂語或謂語的一部分放在主語之前的語法現(xiàn)象,就稱之為倒裝。從倒裝的形式來看,可分為完全倒裝和部分倒裝兩大類。前者是指整個(gè)謂語置于主語之前,而而后者僅指助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或be動(dòng)詞等置于主語之前。
一. 完全倒裝
完全倒裝又可稱為全部倒裝。完全倒裝是只將句子中的謂語動(dòng)詞全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有:
。1)here,there,now,then,thus等副詞置于句首,謂語動(dòng)詞常用be,come,go,lie,run等表示來去或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。
例如:
Then came the teacher. 那時(shí)老師來了。
Here is your letter. 你的信。
。2)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語置于句首,謂語表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。
例如:Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐著一個(gè)老大媽。
注意:上述全部倒裝句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞,如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。
例如:Here he comes. 他來了。
Away they went. 他們走開了。
二. 部分倒裝
部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝放到主語之前。如果句子的謂語沒有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,則需添加助動(dòng)詞do,does或did,并將其置于主語之前。
。1)句首為否定或半否定的詞語,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until…等。
例如:
Never have I seen such a performance.
從未見過如此糟糕的表演。
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
無論如何你不會(huì)找到這個(gè)問題的答案的。
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
母親一直到孩子入睡后才離開房間。
。2)當(dāng)Not until位于句首時(shí),句子要倒裝。其結(jié)構(gòu)為:Not until+從句狀語從句或表時(shí)間的詞語+助動(dòng)詞主句主語+謂語+...
例如:
Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking.
直到老師進(jìn)來學(xué)生們才停止講話。
Not until next week will the sports meet be held.
直到下周才開運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。
典型例題
1. Why can’t I smoke here?
At no time ______ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permittedB. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permittedD. does smoking permit
答案A。這是一個(gè)倒裝問題。當(dāng)否定詞語置于句首以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí),其句中的主謂須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。這些否定詞包括no,little,hardly,seldom,never,not only,not until等。本題的正常語序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2. Not until the early years of the 19th century ______ what heat is.
A. man did knowB. man know
C. didn’t man knowD. did man know
答案D?吹絅ot until…的句型,我們知道為一倒裝句,答案在C、D中選一個(gè)。該句的正常語序?yàn)椋琈an did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 如果將not和until提到句子前時(shí),就用倒裝句。
三. 以否定詞開頭作部分倒裝
如有結(jié)構(gòu):Not only…but also, Hardly / Scarcely…when, No sooner… than等,要用倒裝句。
例如:
Not only did he refuse the gift, but also he severely criticized the sender.
他不但沒有收下禮物,而且還狠狠地批評(píng)了送禮的人。
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
她剛出門,就有個(gè)學(xué)生來訪。
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
她剛出門,就有個(gè)學(xué)生來訪。
典型例題
No sooner ______ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game beganB. has the game begun
C. did the game beginD. had the game begun
答案D。具有否定意義的副詞放在句首時(shí),一般采用倒裝句(謂語前置)。這類表示否定意義的詞有never,seldom,scarcely,little,few,not,hardly,以及not only…but(also),no sooner…than,hardly…when,scarcely…when等等。
注意:只有當(dāng)Not only… but also連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí),第一個(gè)分句才用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Not only…but also只連接兩個(gè)并列詞語,不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),如:Not only you but also I am fond of music。
四. so, neither, nor作部分倒裝
用這些詞表示“也”、“也不”的句子要部分倒裝。
例如:
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
湯姆會(huì)講法語,杰克也會(huì)。
If you won’t go, neither will I.
你不去,我也不去。
典型例題
— Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
— I don’t know, _____.
A. nor don’t I careB. nor do I care
C. I don’t care neitherD. I don’t care also
答案:B。nor為增補(bǔ)意思“也不關(guān)心”,因此句子應(yīng)倒裝。A答案中錯(cuò)在用don’t再次否定,C答案中neither用法不對(duì),且缺乏連詞。D答案缺乏連詞。
注意:當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對(duì)上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時(shí),不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為“的確如此”。
例如:
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
湯姆邀我去踢球,我去了。
— It’s raining hard. 雨下得真大
— So it is.。是呀。
五. only在句首倒裝的情況
例如:
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
只有這樣,你才能學(xué)好英語。
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
叫了三次,他才來參加會(huì)議。
如果句子為主從復(fù)合句,則主句倒裝,從句不倒裝。
例如:
Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed.
病得很重時(shí),他才臥床休息。
六. as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句
as / though引起的倒裝分三種情況:表語、動(dòng)詞原形及狀語的倒裝。
。1)表語的倒裝
一般直接將表語提前到句首,若表語是帶不定冠詞a / an的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,倒裝后,不定冠詞a / an須被省略。如:
Fine as / though he looks, he is ill with some serious diseases.
Child as / though he is, he knows much about the society.
。2)原形動(dòng)詞的倒裝
A. 動(dòng)詞前面帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may,might,will,would,can,could等時(shí),只將行為動(dòng)詞提到句首,而這些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞保留在原處。
B. 若動(dòng)詞前面沒有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),應(yīng)在動(dòng)詞原來的位置加上助動(dòng)詞do的適當(dāng)形式。
C. 用于這一句型的動(dòng)詞一般是不及物動(dòng)詞,而不能是系動(dòng)詞或及物動(dòng)詞。如:
Swim as / though he can, he can’t swim so far. 盡管他會(huì)游泳,但是他游得不那么遠(yuǎn)。
Run as / though he did, he didn’t run fast enough to catch the bus. 雖然他跑,但是他跑得不夠快而沒有趕上汽車。
。3)狀語倒裝
In the classroom as / though he stays, he doesn’t read his texts. 盡管他待在教室里,但他不讀書。
Carefully as / though he worked, he made some mistakes. 盡管他工作很細(xì)心,但還是出了一些差錯(cuò)。
七. 其他部分倒裝
。1)so… that句型中的so位于句首時(shí),需倒裝。
例如:
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
他害怕得很,動(dòng)也不敢動(dòng)。
(2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中。
例如:
May you all be happy. 愿你們都快樂。
(3)在虛擬語氣條件句中,從句謂語動(dòng)詞有were,had,should等詞,可將if 省略,把were,had,should移到主語之前,用部分倒裝形式。
例如:
Were I you, I would try it again. 我是你的話,就再試一次。
典型例題:
1. Not until the early years of the 20th century ______ what a computer is.
A. man did knowB. man knewC. didn’t man knowD. did man know
答案為D。否定詞Not在句首,要求用部分倒裝的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。
2. Not until I began to work ______ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn’t I realizeB. did I realizeC. I didn't realizeD. I realize
答案為B。
3. Do you know Tom bought a new car?
I don’t know, ______.
A. nor don’t I careB. nor do I care
C. I don’t care neitherD. I don’t care also
答案為B。句中的nor引出部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),表示“也不”。由so,neither,nor引導(dǎo)的倒裝句,表示前一情況的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。其中,so用于肯定句,而neither,nor用在否定句中。
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