高考語法通關(guān)秘籍（五）——虛擬語氣

　　學(xué)而思教師呂騰飛

　　難點(diǎn)形成原因：

　　1．學(xué)習(xí)過程太零碎，不系統(tǒng)。

　　2．分不清什么時(shí)候使用，怎么使用。

　　3．一些固定用法記不住。

　　解決辦法：

　　虛擬語氣通過謂語動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來表示。由于虛擬語氣表達(dá)的是與事實(shí)相反的行為狀態(tài)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的變化不同于陳述語氣，這也是大家感到困惑和容易出錯(cuò)的地方。做此類題目時(shí)，關(guān)鍵要迅速發(fā)現(xiàn)解題信息詞，確定虛擬語氣類型，然后按各類虛擬語氣的特定表達(dá)方式確定動(dòng)詞的形式。

　　用法講解：

　　虛擬語氣表示說的話不是事實(shí)，或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，而僅是一種愿望、建議或者與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等。一般常用于正式的書面語中。

　　1．條件從句中的虛擬語氣

　　含蓄虛擬條件句

　　有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示出來，而是通過一個(gè)介詞短語或其他方式表示。通常的詞或短語有：without"如果沒有", but for "要不是", but that, otherwise, or, but等。

　　He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he would have scored a goal. (2001上海春季)

　　But for my classmates’ help, I would not have finished the work in time.     (2004三級題)

　　Without heat and sunlight, plants on the earth would not grow well.           ( 2004三級題)

　　注意：在虛擬條件句中，若有動(dòng)詞were, should或had（+過去分詞），可以省略if，且把這三個(gè)詞放在主句之前，變成倒裝句。如：

　　What would have happened, had Bob walked farther, as far as the riverbank?     (2001上海)

　　Had I realized you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions.     (1996三級題)

　　Had the weather been good, the children could have gone out for a walk.            (2001三級題)

　　Had he taken the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business.      (2004三級題)

　　2. 賓語從句中的虛擬語氣

　　注意：表命令、請求、建議的詞order; request, demand, insist; suggest, propose, recommend, advise其表語從句、同位語從句、主語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞都要用should do的形式，should可以省略。但當(dāng)insist表示 “堅(jiān)持說”, suggest表示 “暗示,表明”時(shí),不用虛擬語氣。

　　The general's command was that the soldiers leave their fort and carry out more important tasks.   (表語從句, 省略should, 2002三級題)

　　Her suggestion that everybody sing a song was not appreciated.   (同位語從句, 省略should, 2001三級題)

　　She insisted that he was wrong. 她堅(jiān)持說他錯(cuò)了。

　　His pale face suggests that he is in bad health. 他面色蒼白，說明他身體不好。

　　3. 特殊句型中的虛擬語氣

　　注意：

　　1. 以上虛擬從句中的would可根據(jù)具體語言環(huán)境用could, might, should來代替。

　　2. 如果as if和as though后面的從句所表示的情況是真實(shí)的或很可能是真實(shí)的，則動(dòng)詞可以用陳述語氣，在feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste之后尤其如此。試比較：

　　He walks as if he is drunk.

　　He walks as if he were drunk.

　　第一句表示“他已經(jīng)醉了”，第2句則表示“他沒有醉”。

　　典例精析：

　　1. They _____ two free tickets to Canada, otherwise they’d never have been able to afford to go. （2007山東）

　　A. have got          B. got                C. have got            D. get

　　答案：B。考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。

　　解析：該題是通過虛擬語氣考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的。根據(jù)后半句“would have been”判斷，他們已經(jīng)去了加拿大，所以我們判斷這是與過去的事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。本句含義相當(dāng)于 “If they had not got two free tickets to Canada, they’d never have been able to afford to go.”

　　2. ______ he had not hurt his leg, John would have won the race. （2007 全國II）

　　A. If       B. Since       C. Though       D. When

　　答案：A。

　　解析：根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)“would have won”可以判斷出表示過去非真實(shí)情況。if引導(dǎo)虛擬條件句，意為“如果”。這句話的意思是：如果約翰的腿沒有受傷，他就會(huì)贏了這次賽跑。since引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句或原因狀語從句，表示“自從……以來”或“因?yàn)?rdquo;。though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，表示“雖然”。when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，表示“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”。所以選A。

　　3. ____ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. (2006湖北)

　　A. Would you be    B. Should you be   C. Could you be   D. Might you be

　　答案：B。

　　解析：此題是虛擬條件句的倒裝句。在虛擬條件句中，若有動(dòng)詞were, should或had（+過去分詞），可以省略if，且把這三個(gè)詞放在主句之前，變成倒裝句。句意為：即使你被解雇了，醫(yī)療保障和其他福利也不會(huì)受到影響。

　　4. If I _____ plan to do anything I wanted to, I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible. (2005湖北)

　　A. would   B. could   C. had to   D. ought to

　　答案：B。

　　解析：據(jù)句意可判斷這是對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬條件句，“如果我能夠計(jì)劃我想做的事情”所以用could，不用would。